Naringin and trimetazidine improve baroreflex sensitivity and nucleus tractus solitarius electrical activity in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury / Naringin and trimetazidine improve baroreflex sensitivity and nucleus tractus solitarius electrical activity in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury

Resumo Fundamento: O núcleo do trato solitário (NTS) é uma área do cérebro que desempenha um papel fundamental na regulação renal e cardiovascular através dos impulsos dos barorreceptores. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da Naringina (NAR) e trimetazidina (TMZ), isoladamente e combinadas, na atividade elétrica do NTS e na sensibilidade barorreflexa (SBR) na lesão de isquemia e reperfusão (I/R) renal. Métodos: Foram utilizados quarenta ratos machos Sprague-Dawley (200-250 g), alocados em 5 grupos com 8 ratos cada. Grupos: 1) Sham; 2) I/R; 3) TMZ 5 mg/kg; 4) NAR 100 mg/kg; e 5) TMZ5 + NAR100. A veia femoral esquerda foi canulada para infundir a solução salina ou droga e avaliar a SBR. A I/R foi induzida por oclusão dos pedículos renais por 45 min, seguida de reperfusão de 4 horas. O eletroencefalograma local do NTS foi registrado antes, durante a isquemia e durante a reperfusão. A fenilefrina foi injetada por via intravenosa para avaliar a SBR ao final do tempo de reperfusão. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA de duas vias com medidas repetidas seguida pelo teste post hoc de Tukey. Um valor de p<0,05 foi considerado como significativo. Resultados: As ondas elétricas do NTS não se alteraram durante o tempo de isquemia, mas diminuíram significativamente durante todos os tempos de reperfusão. A atividade elétrica do NTS e a SBR foram reduzidas drasticamente em ratos com lesão I/R; no entanto, a administração de NAR e TMZ, isoladamente e combinadas, melhorou significativamente essas alterações em ratos com lesão I/R. Conclusões: Os resultados mostraram que a lesão de I/R leva à redução da atividade elétrica da SBR e do NTS, e pode haver uma ligação entre a I/R e a diminuição da SBR. Além disso, a NAR e a TMZ são agentes promissores para tratar complicações de I/R.

Abstract Background: Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is a brain area that plays a key role in kidney and cardiovascular regulation via baroreceptors impulses. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of naringin (NAR) and trimetazidine (TMZ) alone and their combination on NTS electrical activity and baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) in renal ischemia- reperfusion (I/R) injury. Methods: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (200- 250 g) were allocated into 5 groups with 8 in each. 1) Sham; 2) I/R; 3) TMZ 5 mg/kg; 4) NAR 100 mg/kg; and 5) TMZ5+ NAR100. The left femoral vein was cannulated to infuse saline solution or drug and the BRS was evaluated. I/R was induced by occlusion of renal pedicles for 45 min, followed by 4 hours of reperfusion. The NTS local electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded before, during ischemia and throughout the reperfusion. Phenylephrine was injected intravenously to evaluate BRS at the end of reperfusion time. The data were analyzed by two-way repeated measurement ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: NTS electrical waves did not change during ischemia time, while they significantly decreased during the entire reperfusion time. NTS electrical activity and BRS dramatically reduced in rats with I/R injury; however, administration of NAR, TMZ alone or their combination significantly improved these changes in rats with I/R injury. Conclusions: The results showed that I/R injury leads to reduced BRS and NTS electrical activity and there may be an association between I/R and decreased BRS. In addition, NAR and TMZ are promising agents to treat I/R complications.

The Effects of Trimetazidine on QT-interval Prolongation and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Diabetic Rats / Os Efeitos da Trimetazidina no Prolongamento do Intervalo QT e na Hipertrofia Cardíaca em Ratos Diabéticos

Abstract Background: Trimetazidine (TMZ) is an anti-ischemic drug. In spite of its protective effects on cardiovascular system, there is no scientific study on the usefulness of TMZ treatment for prolonged QT interval and cardiac hypertrophy induced by diabetes. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of TMZ on QT interval prolongation and cardiac hypertrophy in the diabetic rats. Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 8) by simple random sampling method. Control (C), diabetic (D), and diabetic administrated with TMZ at 10 mg/kg (T10). TMZ was administrated for 8 weeks. The echocardiogram was recorded before isolating the hearts and transfer to a Langendorff apparatus. Hemodynamic parameters, QT and corrected QT interval (QTc) intervals, heart rate and antioxidant enzymes were measured. The hypertrophy index was calculated. The results were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and paired t-test using SPSS (version 16) and p < 0.05 was regarded as significant. Results: The diabetic rats significantly indicated increased hypertrophy, QT and QTc intervals and decreased Left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), rate pressure product (RPP), Max dp/dt, and min dp/dt (±dp/dt max), heart rate, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase in the heart. Treatment with TMZ in the diabetic animals was significantly improved these parameters in comparison to the untreated diabetic group. Conclusions: TMZ improves QTc interval prolongation and cardiac hypertrophy in diabetes.

Resumo Fundamento: A trimetazidina (TMZ) é uma droga anti-isquêmica. Apesar de seus efeitos protetores sobre o sistema cardiovascular, não há estudos científicos sobre a utilidade do tratamento com TMZ para o intervalo QT prolongado e a hipertrofia cardíaca induzida pelo diabetes. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da TMZ no prolongamento do intervalo QT e na hipertrofia cardíaca em ratos diabéticos. Métodos: Vinte e quatro ratos machos Sprague-Dawley (200-250 g) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos (n = 8) pelo método de amostragem aleatória simples. Controle (C), diabético (D) e diabético administrado com TMZ a 10 mg/kg (T10). A TMZ foi administrada por 8 semanas. O ecocardiograma foi registrado antes de isolar os corações e transferir para um aparelho de Langendorff. Foram medidos os parâmetros hemodinâmicos, intervalo QT e intervalo QT corrigido (QTc), frequência cardíaca e enzimas antioxidantes. O índice de hipertrofia foi calculado. Os resultados foram avaliados pelo one-way ANOVA e pelo teste t pareado pelo SPSS (versão 16) e p < 0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: Os ratos diabéticos indicaram hipertrofia aumentada, intervalos QT e QTc e diminuição da pressão sistólica no ventrículo esquerdo (PSVE), pressão desenvolvida no ventrículo esquerdo (PDVE), duplo produto (DP), Max dp/dt e min dp/dt (± dp/dt max), frequência cardíaca, superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa peroxidase (GPx) e catalase no coração. O tratamento com TMZ nos animais diabéticos melhorou significativamente esses parâmetros em comparação com o grupo diabético não tratado. Conclusões: A TMZ melhora o prolongamento do intervalo QTc e a hipertrofia cardíaca no diabetes.

Effect of trimetazidine treatment on the transient outward potassium current of the left ventricular myocytes of rats with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus

Cardiovascular complications are a leading cause of mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). The present study was designed to investigate the effects of trimetazidine (TMZ), an anti-angina drug, on transient outward potassium current (Ito) remodeling in ventricular myocytes and the plasma contents of free fatty acid (FFA) and glucose in DM. Sprague-Dawley rats, 8 weeks old and weighing 200-250 g, were randomly divided into three groups of 20 animals each. The control group was injected with vehicle (1 mM citrate buffer), the DM group was injected with 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) for induction of type 1 DM, and the DM + TMZ group was injected with the same dose of STZ followed by a 4-week treatment with TMZ (60 mg·kg-1·day-1). All animals were then euthanized and their hearts excised and subjected to electrophysiological measurements or gene expression analyses. TMZ exposure significantly reversed the increased plasma FFA level in diabetic rats, but failed to change the plasma glucose level. The amplitude of Ito was significantly decreased in left ventricular myocytes from diabetic rats relative to control animals (6.25 ± 1.45 vs 20.72 ± 2.93 pA/pF at +40 mV). The DM-associated Ito reduction was attenuated by TMZ. Moreover, TMZ treatment reversed the increased expression of the channel-forming alpha subunit Kv1.4 and the decreased expression of Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 in diabetic rat hearts. These data demonstrate that TMZ can normalize, or partially normalize, the increased plasma FFA content, the reduced Ito of ventricular myocytes, and the altered expression Kv1.4, Kv4.2, and Kv4.3 in type 1 DM.

Comparative study between trimetazidine and ice slush hypothermia in protection against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in a porcine model

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to compare the effects of renal ice slush hypothermia and the use of trimetazidine in the protection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen farm pigs were submitted to left kidney ischemia and right nephrectomy during the same procedure. Animals were divided into three groups. Group 1 was submitted to warm ischemia; Group 2 was submitted to cold ischemia with ice slush; and Group 3 received trimetazidine 20 mg one day and 4 hours before surgery. Ischemia time was 120 minutes in all three groups. Serum creatinine (SCr) and plasma iohexol clearance (CLioh) were measured before surgery and on postoperative days (PODs) 1,3,7, and 14. Semi-quantitative analyses of histological alterations were performed by a pathologist. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: All groups showed elevation of serum creatinine in the first week. Serum creatinine was higher in Group 3 in the first and third postoperative days (Mean Cr: 5.5 and 8.1 respectively). Group 2 showed a lower increase in creatinine and a lower decrease in iohexol clearance than the others. Renal function stabilized in the fourteenth POD in all three groups. Analyses of histological alterations did not reach statistical significance between groups. CONCLUSION: Trimetazidine did not show protection against renal I/R injury in comparison to warm ischemia or hypothermia in a porcine model submitted to 120 minutes of renal ischemia.

Development and evaluation of calcium alginate beads prepared by sequential and simultaneous methods

The objective of this study was to develop a sustained release dosage form of Trimetazidine dihydrochloride (TMZ) using a natural polymeric carrier prepared in a completely aqueous environment. TMZ was entrapped in calcium alginate beads prepared with sodium alginate by the ionotropic gelation method using calcium chloride as a crosslinking agent. The drug was incorporated either into preformed calcium alginate gel beads (sequential method) or incorporated simultaneously during the gelation stage (simultaneous method). The beads were evaluated for particle size and surface morphology using optical microscopy and SEM, respectively. Beads produced by the sequential method had higher drug entrapment. Drug entrapment in the sequential method was higher with increased CaCl2 and polymer concentration but lower with increased drug concentration. In the simultaneous method, drug entrapment was higher when polymer and drug concentration were increased and also rose to a certain extent with increase in CaCl2 concentration, where further increase resulted in lower drug loading. FTIR studies revealed that there is no interaction between drug and CaCl2. XRD studies showed that the crystalline drug changed to an amorphous state after formulation. Release characteristics of the TMZ loaded calcium alginate beads were studied in enzyme-free simulated gastric and intestinal fluid.

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver forma de liberação controlada de dicloridrato de trimetazidina (TMZ) utilizando transportador plomérico natural em ambiente completamente aquoso. A TMZ foi presa em pérolas de alginato de cálcio preparadas com alginato de sódio pelo método de gelatinização ionotrópica, usando cloreto de cálcio como agente de formação de ligações cruzadas. O fármaco foi incorporado nas pérolas de gel de alginato de cálcio (método sequencial) ou incorporado, simultaneamente, durante o estágio de gelificação (método simultâneo). As pérolas foram avaliadas quanto ao tamanho das partículas e morfologia da superfície utilizando microscopia óptica de SEM, respectivamente. As pérolas produzidas pelo método sequencial apresentaram maior capacidade de inclusão. No método sequencial, a inclusão de fármaco foi maior com o aumento de CaCl2 e da concentração do plímero, mas menor com o aumento da concentração de fármaco. No método simultâneo, a inclusão de fármaco foi mais alta quando as concentrações de fármaco e plímero foram aumentadas e, também, atingiram certa extensão com aumento na concentração de CaCl2, cujo aumento posterior resultou em carga menor de fármaco. Estudos de FTIR revelaram que não há interação entre fármaco e CaCl2. Estudos de XRD mostraram que o fármaco mudou do estado cristalino para o amorfo após a formulação. As características de liberação de TMZ das pérolas carregadas com alginato de cálcio foram estudadas em fluidos simulados, gástrico e intestinal, livres de enzima.

Efecto de trimetazidina en la nefrotoxicidad por gentamicina / Trimetazidine effect on nephrotoxicity by gentamicyn

La Trimetazidina (TMZ) es una droga utilizada como cardioprotector, ya que previene la muerte celular secundaria a la isquemia miocárdica. Algunos investigadores le atribuyeron efecto reno-protector, actividad antioxidante y scavenger de radicales libres del oxígeno. El objetivo del presente trabajo es mostrar el efecto citoprotector de TMZ en las alteraciones inducidas por Gentamicina (G) a nivel de la célula del túbulo renal. Se diseñaron esquemas en animales de experimentación tratados con ambas drogas. Ratas macho Wistar de 180 a 200 g de peso fueron distribuidas en 5 grupos (n=8) y tratadas con: dieta estándar (A); suplementada con 20 mg/Kg/día de TMZ durante 27 días (B); suplementada con 50 mg/Kg/día de G durante 7 días(C); pretratadas 20 días con 20 mg/Kg/día de TMZ y los últimos 7 días con G (D) y tratadas simultáneamente durante 7 días con 20 mg/Kg/día de TMZ y 50 mg/Kg/día de G(E). Se midieron los compuestos nitrogenados urea y creatinina, la excreción de gamma glutamiltranspeptidasa urinaria y se efectuaron estudios estructurales con tinción de hematoxilina-eosina y ultraestructurales. Se utilizó el grupo C como testigo de nefrotoxicidad inducida por G. El pretratamiento durante 20 días con TMZ demostró el efecto protector para la nefrotoxicidad inducida, sin cambios bioquímicos-funcionales, ni alteración de la histoarquitectura, ni de la ultraestructura. El tratamiento simultáneo con TMZ y G no mostró efecto protector. Se concluye que en el modelo de ratas macho Wistar se demuestra el efecto citoprotector de TMZ en tratamiento previo por 21 días. El estudio histológico del tejido renal, bajo estas condiciones, presenta histoarquitectura conservada y función renal normal. Se infiere que el efecto citoprotector de TMZ que impide la nefrotoxicidad inducida por G se debe a la inhibición de la reabsorción y acumulación de Gentamicina en la célula del túbulo proximal del nefrón.

Trimetazidine (TMZ) is a drug used as a cardioprotector since it prevents cell death secondary to myocardial ischemia. Some investigators have attributed protective effect, antioxidant activity and oxygen free radical scavenging abilityt to TMZ. The aim of the present work is to show the cytoprotective effect of TMZ on Gentamicin (G)-induced alterations at the level of the renal tubular cell. Schemes were designed in experimental animals treated with both drugs. Male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 260 g were divided into 5 groups (n=8) and treated with: standard diet (A); standard diet supplemented with 20 mg/Kg/day of TMZ for 27 days (B); standard diet supplemented with 50 mg/Kg/day of G for 7 days (C), pretreated for 20 days with 20 mg/Kg/day of TMZ and for the last 7 days with G (D), and treated simultaneously for 7 days with 20 mg/Kg/day of TMZ and 50 mg/Kg/day of G (E). The nitrogen compounds urea and creatinine were measured and so was the excretion of urinary gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Structural studies with hematoxilin and eosin staining and ultrastructural studies were also performed. Gentamicin was used as a control for nephrotoxicity (group C). Pretreatment with TMZ showed a protective effect against induced nephrotoxicity, with no biochemical changes or alterations in the histoarchitecture. Simultaneous treatment with TMZ and G (group E) showed no protective effect. Conclusions: the cytoprotective effect of TMZ on G-induced nephrotoxicity would take place at the level of the proximal tubular cell of the brush border by inhibiting G reabsorption and accumulation.

Trimetazidina como aditivo em solução cardioplégica sem pré-tratamento não traz proteção adicional ao miocárdio isquêmico: estudo em modelo suíno de coração isolado / Trimetazidine as cardioplegia addictive without pre-treatment does not improve myocardial protection: study in a swine working heart model

OBJETIVO: Verificar, em modelo experimental de coração isolado de suínos, se a associação da trimetazidina à solução cardioplégica promove melhora no desempenho do coração. MÉTODOS: O modelo experimental utilizou suínos Large-White, com coração isolado perfundido por suporte de outro animal em modo de execução de trabalho ("working heart state"). Foram divididos em três grupos (n = 6), submetidos a isquemia regional seguida de isquemia global, que recebiam um dos três tratamentos: solução St Thomas (ST), solução St Thomas acrescida de trimetazidina (TMZ) e grupo controle (Co). Durante período de reperfusão, aos 30, 60 e 90 minutos, foram medidos parâmetros hemodinâmicos de contratilidade e metabólicos, obtendo-se assim a elastância máxima (Emáx), o índice de trabalho sistólico pré-recrutável (PRSW), "dureza" do ventrículo (EDPRV), fluxo coronariano, consumo de oxigênio e dosagens de lactato e glicose. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente. RESULTADOS: Em relação aos parâmetros hemodinâmicos de contratilidade, não houve diferença estatística significante entre os três grupos. Houve produção crescente de lactato nos três grupos de forma uniforme quanto maior o tempo de reperfusão. O fluxo coronariano, o consumo de oxigênio e o consumo de glicose tiveram grande variação entre os diferentes tempos medidos, mas sem diferença entre os três tratamentos. O peso final do ventrículo esquerdo foi significativamente menor no grupo trimetazidina (TMZ) do que nos demais. CONCLUSÃO: A administração da trimetazidina associada como adjuvante à solução cardioplégica, sem pré-tratamento, não demonstrou benefício hemodinâmico ou metabólico em modelo experimental "working heart" de coração isolado em porcos.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to verify in an isolated working heart swine model if the acute administration of trimetazidine to cardioplegia, without pre=treatment improves heart performance. METHODS: Eighteen pairs of swines were used in this working heart model, divided into three groups (n = 6) that underwent regional and global ischemia. Each group was selected to a different treatment: St Thomas cardioplegia (ST), St Thomas enriched with trimetazidine (TMZ) and control group (Co). Data was collected during reperfusion period at 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Hemodinamic parameters such as elastance contractility index (Emax), preload recruitable stroke work relationship (PRSW) and heart "stiffness" (EDPVR) were measured. Other data included coronary flow, lactate, oxygen and glucose consumption. Results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: All contractility data were not significantly different among three groups. Lactate became constantly higher according to time uniformly in all three groups. Coronary flow, glucose consumption and oxygen consumption presented large variations during time periods but according to treatments showed no statistical differences in all three groups. Left ventricle final weight was significantly lower in trimetazidine group compared to both other groups. CONCLUSION: Administration of trimetazidine enhanced cardioplegia, without pre-treatment, showed no hemodinamic or metabolic improvement in swine isolated working heart model.

Utilidad de la trimetazidina en la lesión por isquemia-reperfusión: Estudio experimental en un modelo canino de aturdimiento miocárdico / Usefulness of trimetazidine in ischemia-reperfusion lesion: experimental study in myocardial stunning model

Objetivo: Evaluar la acción de la trimetazidina en el deterioro de la función sistólica que se produce en el miocardio tras una isquemia única y prolongada. Métodos: Se analizaron 13 perros mestizos, de uno u otro sexo, asignados al azar a tratamiento oral con trimetazidina (6 perros) o placebo (7 perros) durante 7 días. Se realizó un protocolo de isquemia bajo anestesia consistente en una obstrucción completa de la arteria coronaria descendente anterior de 15 minutos de duración, seguida de 60 minutos de reperfusión. Las variables analizadas durante la obstrucción y la reperfusión fueron: Frecuencia cardíaca (FC), presión ventricular izquierda (PVI), dP/dt y las curvas de función regional de la zona isquémica y de una zona testigo (longitud telediastólica, telesistólica y fracción de acortamiento). Resultados: Las variables hemodinámicas (FC, PVI y dP/dt), no presentaron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos, con poca variabilidad de sus valores respecto a los basales durante la isquemia-reperfusión. La fracción de acortamiento de la zona isquémica experimentó una disminución estadísticamente significativa durante la obstrucción coronaria en ambas series, alcanzando valores de discinesia, con persistencia de la disfunción contráctil tras 60 minutos de reperfusión, y sin diferencias entre ambas series (50% serie Placebo; 41% serie Trimetazidina). Conclusiones: La recuperación de la contractilidad miocárdica tras una isquemia completa en la serie tratada con TMZ no mostró diferencias significativas respecto a la serie Placebo, a diferencia de lo que ocurre con períodos de oclusión más cortos y repetidos.

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of trimetazidine (TMZ) on myocardial systolic dysfunction resulting from an isolated episode of induced coronary ischemia. Methods: In a double-blinded randomized design we studied 13 mongrel anesthetized dogs of either sex (6 of them treated with oral TMZ previously). The anterior descending coronary artery was totally occluded during 15 minutes followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. Global and regional cardiac variables were recorded in control and ischemic areas. Results: There were no significant differences between TMZ and placebo series with respect to global cardiac function variables. Both series showed no significant variations in global variables during the ischemia-reperfusion process. The shortening fraction in the ischemic area fell significantly during the ischemic period in both TMZ and placebo series reaching dyskinetic values. Myocardial contractility dysfunction persisted after 60 minutes of reperfusion in both series with no significant differences (41% vs 50% placebo). Conclusions: Contrary to shorter and repeated occlusion periods, myocardial contractility recovery after a complete episode of ischemia did not show significant differences between TMZ-treated and placebo series.